Showing posts with label imagination. Show all posts
Showing posts with label imagination. Show all posts

Sunday, March 12, 2023

Time-Travel to 5000 Years Ago

TIME-TRAVEL
TO A MESOPOTAMIAN CITY
5,000 YEARS AGO
This blog-article is Part #2 of my previous blog
Thought Experiments & Imagination
This blog-article is an example of how to use your imagination to explore the ancient and prehistoric past. In this article, you imagine what it would be like to walk around a Mesopotamian city 5000 years ago.
Hall in an Assyrian Palace. -- from a later time than our following story.
Artist's conception "By James Fergusson in the "Nineveh Court" of the Crystal Palace - Reconstruction 1854."


PREFACE

This is the second half of my article about thought experiments and using your imagination in the study of prehistory. But this idea could be applied to any number of tasks. Please read the first article by clicking on this link 
or scroll down to see it below this one. 

In the first article, I detailed thought experiments by Galileo and Einstein along with my own imaginings plus a current example. But the main point of the article is to encourage others to use their own imaginings in their work.

So the following is an example of how you could use your imagination. But, of course, there are many ways to do this.

INTRODUCTION

Take A Trip To Ancient Mesopotamia 
An imaginary walkthrough a Sumerian City thousands of years ago

This time period and culture of Mesopotamia is perhaps easier to imagine than an earlier time since it is a civilization much like ours. It is the first civilization that, in many ways, created or invented or designed a way to organize a society in a manner that continues to this day. 

I have used a variety of images to create a feeling of "you are there." There are many contemporary or recent images, for example, that are appropriate for Mesopotamia 5000 years ago, such as the various round coracle boats. Every element I describe was present in Mesopotamia, but this city I describe is a conglomeration of different early Sumerian cities. My idea was to kickstart your imagination, to give you a description where you could see an ancient city with your own eyes as a functioning metropolis. 

I took considerable liberties with the pictures I used. I was often not able to find ones that fit the exact time period but could find ones that fit the general time period. So I figured it was better to have something to illustrate what I was trying to show rather than nothing. Since this is fiction, I felt I could do this.

If you want to go on your own journey (which I hope you might), study the time period or the aspects you are interested in before you put yourself back in time. Try to be specific with your details and have enough details to paint a full picture.

***PLEASE NOTE, This is a fictional composite of a typical Mesopotamian city at this time but based on my ideas and research -- another person might paint a different picture. In any case, you will be taken away from your modern point of view and be looking at the world very differently, a world from 5000 years ago. You will be unlearning the present and looking at the past from its POV.


THE STORY BEGINS

***CLICK ON ANY PICTURE TO
START A SLIDE SHOW
OF THE IMAGERY IN THIS BLOG***


TIME-TRAVEL TO A MESOPOTAMIAN CITY 5,000 YEARS AGO

Imagine for a moment that you are studying ancient civilizations. For the last several nights you have been reading about Mesopotamian myths and kings and how the first civilization came to be. 

Cylinder Seal Clay Impression: 
Adda Seal Akkadian Empire 2300 BCE.
The images in this impression from a cylinder seal are of Mesopotamian gods and goddesses.
Each seal was unique and similar to the embossed stamp of a notary today. The stamp was used to mark personal property and to make documents legally binding. The seals were made with a "negative" cylinder (below) which when rolled on soft clay produced a positive as can be seen here.

Like many histories, what you found focuses on kings and empires, and palaces. While these are fascinating and quite unusual, you wonder what life was like for an average city dweller who lived in the world's first cities.

Late one night you sit in bed and continue reading about Sumer also known as Mesopotamia. You become increasingly interested until, quite suddenly, you are transported in space and time to a Sumerian city thousands of years ago, long before Rome and Egypt. It's like taking a plane to another world.

A bird's eye view of a Mesopotamian city. [1]

When the movement stops you find yourself next to the city's wall on a flat roof of a tall building overlooking the city. 

The ziggurat of this city with a view of two other ziggurat towers across the plains. In the flat land of Mesopotamia, the high ziggurats could be seen for kilometers. A ziggurat could be as tall as 30 meters or about 100 feet high.
Babylon and its Three Towers (original picture by William Simpson, 1904).

In front of you is the city's ziggurat temple that rises high above you. In the distance, many kilometers away over the plains, you can see two other cities with the peaks of their ziggurats reaching to the sky. They are magnificent and they take your breath away. Between these cities are thousands of acres of fields that supply the food for the urban dwellers.

A drawing of the ziggurat and palace complex. The palace was always close to the ziggurat. 
"Reconstructed Model of Palace of Sargon."

From your reading, you know that the ziggurats are always close to the center of a Mesopotamia city and built high to bring them nearer to the gods who live in the heavens. And the royal palace is close by. 




The temple is also where the patron god of the city dwells. But while the building dominates the cityscape and the people below, ordinary people are never permitted in them, only priests and royalty are allowed.

Now, catching your breath, you realize you are dressed in modern clothes and you will stand out and be noticed. You climb down a steep set of stairs only to find a large pile of trash on the street. Someone has thrown away a perfectly good linen tunic and some sandals which happen to fit you just fine. After changing quickly into these clothes, you now feel it's okay to wander and see how this city is put together. 

A street in Morocco probably similar to streets in Mesopotamia.

The city is composed of narrow winding streets which are confusing at first, yet you find you can always orient yourself by looking at the ziggurat. But the heat is oppressive.

A large reed ship -- an artist's conception but probably a fairly accurate depiction.
Click to see the source of this picture.

You walk toward the river and from a high vantage point you see several large ships made of reeds unloading their cargo. One ship is delivering hundreds of reed bundles and leather goods. 

A model of another large reed ship, the Tigris. This could carry 50 tons of cargo. Thor Heyerdahl built the full scale ship to prove the sea worthiness of reed ships. He sailed the Tigris with no problems for 5 months in the Persian Gulf.
"Model of the reed boat Tigris, boat of Thor Heyerdahl." https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tigris_Model_Pyramids_of_Guimar.jpg

Another ship has come from the Persian Gulf, more than a thousand kilometers away, bringing wood and copper ore and tin ore for smelting bronze. Although these cities invented bronze, the ore had to be imported. 

Coracles or round basket boats.
LEFT: This is a coracle which is also called a basket boat because its structure was/is created with reeds like a basket. In this picture, one can see the basket-like structure inside the boat. These boats have been used for thousands of years.
RIGHT: Quffa (coracle) in Baghdad in 1914.
"A kuphar (also transliterated kufa, kuffah, quffa, quffah) is a type of coracle or round boat traditionally used on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in ancient and modern Mesopotamia." 

Next to the large ships are small round coracles known as basket boats because they are built with reeds like a basket. They are used locally to deliver goods on the river. They can be quite small or quite large.

A variety of smaller reed boats made up the Mesopotamian fleet.
(TOP) Mesopotamian small reed boats in a battle circa 700 BCE.
A drawing made from the relief of the battle (bottom).
Picture from A History of Babylon.
(King, Leonard. A History of Babylon. London, Chatto and Windus, 1915, p. 201.)
BOTTOM
The original of the above drawing.
A relief depicting a military campaign circa 700 BCE, showed that smaller reed boats were widely used and had been used for thousands of years up to that time.
From the South-West Palace at Ninevah, Iraq. British Museum.

And various small reed boats are also available.

You start to feel a bit more comfortable because since it is a port town, you realize that locals might assume you are a sailor from another city and not be bothered by your different look.

Cuneiform Accounting. -- writing was invented to keep track of supplies and transactions.
Cuneiform tablets were made with a sharply cut reed stylus that made marks on soft clay -- the world's first writing. The well-educated scribes who knew how to write were held in high regard.
"Economic text from Shuruppak (Tell Fara), Iraq. Six columns of a cuneiform text mentioning various quantities of barely, flour, bread, and beer." 
Early Dynastic period, c. 2500 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul, Turkey..

You notice that down at the docks, a man dressed in special clothes appears to be recording the cargo as it comes off a large boat. He takes a short reed stem that has been cut to a sharp angle and inscribes symbols onto a small piece of soft clay. Writing has only just been invented and is still being developed. 


You then walk the main street wondering what you will find next. The streets are made of fired mudbricks that are set in place with bitumen, a material similar to asphalt. The wheel has just been invented and it is still being developed. So you see materials being hauled on sleds pulled by donkeys along with the occasional cart with early wheels also pulled by a donkey.

You notice large piles of trash on just about every street corner. Some have a pungent odor. Apparently, trash is allowed to accumulate for months before the citizens and city take it all out to a dump site far away.

Just about everywhere you go you notice small shrines. You remember from your reading that there are over 3,000 gods although there are a much smaller number of principal gods worshiped in the ziggurat. And there is only one important patron god or goddess for each city.

Parts of Inanna temple facade -- a recreation.
"In a temple precinct dedicated to a goddess Inanna, a new temple was erected in the late 15th century BCE in Uruk."

Suddenly you find yourself next to the temple complex, the area where most of the temples are located. And you come upon the impressive façade of the Inanna Temple. Inanna translates as the "Lady of Heaven" and she was greatly revered. She is the goddess of love making and procreation. In addition, male and female deities are part of the facade. They are holding jugs of water, a symbol of fertility.

The Warka Vase
LEFT: Full photo of the vase
RIGHT: Detailed photo of each level.
"Warka vase, a slim alabaster vessel carved [with these images]...from bottom to top with: water, date palms, barley, and wheat, alternating rams and ewes, and men carrying baskets of foodstuffs to the goddess Inanna accepting the offerings."
The votive Vase of Warka, from Warka (ancient Uruk), Iraq. Jemdet Nasr period, 3000-2900 BCE. The Iraq Museum, Baghdad. 

And perhaps by accident, a tall ritual vase is standing next to the facade -- maybe they were cleaning inside and knew that no one would dare tempt the anger of the gods by touching the vase. The vase offers a complete view of the Sumerian view of the world. On the bottom are water and plants, next up are animals, then people, and finally the gods that the people can relate to by giving offerings. From your studies you know it is the first time a culture has placed humans in a position in the divine order. It is almost too much to absorb.

A royal orchestra.
"Elamite Royal Orchestra (detail,British_Museum)" Relief.

And you also hear a complex sound coming from the palace. It sounds like an orchestra but you find it hard to believe that the Sumerians had such a thing, yet they did.

A coppersmith selling and making new items from copper. 
Copper was available from the beginning, but bronze did not develop until much later and was difficult to make, expensive and used mainly for weapons and cart hardware.

Next, you find yourself in a commercial and work district. You can see into the open doors of shops and workplaces. There are basket shops where baskets are made and sold, along with leather working businesses, jewelry-making, gold smithing, breweries, bakeries, cart makers, and metallurgy. 

A shop displaying baskets and "products weaved from plant fibers, Marrakesh."

A donkey with traditional panniers (side-saddle-type baskets). Heavy-duty reed baskets were used to dredge the channels, carry clay to make bricks, and carry bricks to build buildings.

In the markets and on donkeys, baskets made of reeds seem to be everywhere. Women carry baskets, stores display their goods in baskets, and donkeys carry bricks and other items in heavy-duty work baskets. While you had learned in your studies during the 21st century that this was the beginning of the bronze age, there is very little bronze to be seen. Plows in the outlying fields are still made of stone attached to wood.

LEFT: A potter at work on a potter's wheel.
The potter's wheel was an invention by Sumerians, invented before the wheel was used on carts.
The wheel led to the mass production of pottery. But it also allowed the potter to easily and quickly make a smooth even symmetrical shape.
RIGHT: "Pottery from the Late Uruk period: wheel-made pottery,"
Vorderasiatisches Museum (Near East Museum), Berlin.

At another shop, you are fascinated. You see pottery being mass-produced on a potter's wheel, a device that the Sumerians invented even before the wheel for carts. You see a lump of clay come alive in just a few minutes, as the wheel turns and hands shape the material to make a bowl or a cup or a vase, or a pitcher. These Sumerians, you now realize, are masters of clay since they have so much of it.

From your reading, you know that Mesopotamia lacked many recourses such as stone and quality wood. So they did the best with what they had such as clay.

Building a temple with the best quality fired bricks.

Everything seems to orbit the ziggurat at the center of the city. And there the buildings are magnificent. They are all made of the finest high-quality fired-brick, such as the temples and palaces for the royalty, the priests, and the rich. But as you walk further away from the center the buildings become less and less opulent. 

A model of family home made with bricks.
"Terracotta model of a house from Babylon, 2600 BCE, Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, San Jose, California."

Away from the center, people who are well off but not rich live in homes made of sun-baked mudbrick. This brick is not nearly as strong as the fired brick and some homes are in disrepair and some have even collapsed. 

Iraq's Marsh Arabs used reeds to build vaulted reception halls called mudhifs. Mudhifs were large ceremonial buildings and meeting places. Families lived in similar but much smaller reed hones, called rabas. All indications are that these buildings were made in the Neolithic period and continued to be built in the poorer areas of the cities and in rural areas for thousands of years up to today.

At another high point, you can see beyond the city walls where there are traditional grass huts, made from the abundant reeds that grow wild in the huge marshes. 

Rivers, channels, and marshes were key elements for a Mesopotamian city. They were the highways before roads were built.
LEFT: A view of the river next to the city.
RIGHT: The river bank with coracles. River traffic and transportation were crucial to these cities.

And you can see that on the river and channels are hundreds of reed and coracle boats of different sizes and shapes. They are like taxis and the river and channels are more important than roads in the early days of Mesopotamia.

As said in the Sumerian epic Gilgamesh, the oldest story and myth written down, the Sumerians are quite pleased with their first cities that they made out of almost nothing, such as clay and reeds. They are proud of their walls, streets, markets, temples, and gardens.


You find that you cannot go more than several blocks before you come upon another garden. The gardens are full of a variety of plants and are well-kept.

Traditional Middle East sundial.
"Sundial with Aramean Inscription, Sandstone...found in Madain Saleh."
Istanbul Archaeological Museums - Museum of the Ancient Orient, Inv. No. 7664.

Every garden seems to have a sundial. 

There is something very soothing about them in the middle of the noise of a bustling city where you can hear the donkeys braying, the clank of metal at the metal smiths, carts and sleds going down the roads, and always a song or two or the chords of a musical instrument that drifts out from a doorway. And musicians are often playing in the gardens as well.

A detail from the Standard of Ur. On the left is a man drinking beer, in the middle a man playing the lyre, on the right, a woman singing.

Now tired from your sudden change and the new culture, you go to one of many beer parlors. Your luck seems to be holding because in your wanderings someone had dropped a couple of coins, known as shekels, that you found. You hand one to the tavern owner, and she gives you a huge beer in a pottery cup. The beer is so rich it is almost like a meal. It is made from the main crop, barley. The goddess, Ninkasi, is the Mesopotamian goddess of beer and brewing and Sumerians praise her in a hymn that also details a recipe for making beer. 

"Plaque with musician playing a lute, Ischali, Isin-Larsa period, 2000-1600 BC, baked clay."
Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago

When you sit down, the musicians, who were taking a break, come back and begin to play. It is a duo. A man plays the lyre while the woman sings and the tuning is very strange. You think, "It's almost like the 21st Century." Because of the loud response by the crowd in this beer joint, who sing along and know all the words, you think it must be the hymn to Ninkasi that you read in translation just before your journey. 
Ninkasi
It is you who soak the malt in a jar; the waves rise, the waves fall. 
It is you who spread the cooked mash on large reed mats; coolness overcomes
It is you who hold with both hands the great sweetwort, brewing it with honey and wine
Tired but not knowing how long you will be able to explore your new world, you finish your beer, which has gone a bit to your head, and move on. Now that the sun is starting to set, the crisp angles of the brick buildings create sharp shadows that lengthen down the streets. 

Twilight in the city. [1]

You find yourself at the bottom of the steps where you first arrived and you walk up the steps to gain an overview as the sun fades. You see families across the wealthy residential areas sitting on their flat roofs to have an evening meal and sing songs and tell stories. Dim lamps on these roofs are scattered throughout the growing darkness.

Twilight in the city. [1]

And when the sun does fully set you are surprised at how dark a city of this size becomes. Now down at street level, the light of a few sesame oil lamps appears from doorways. But although there is no moonlight, the sky is clear and your sight adjusts to the darkness. You are surprised that you can see your way with just the light of the stars. 


And you know from your reading, that the priests in the ziggurat are probably making astronomical observations on a clear night like this. The nighttime is a time for this magnificent building to be a "highway to heaven."


You walk toward the edge of town, go through an archway and realize that you are now outside the walls and also in an area that is almost like another city unto itself. Thousands of small homes made out of reeds and reed mats  stretch to the river. This is where most farmers and many other commoners live. 

While the city inside the walls has clear, if narrow winding streets, this part of the city is more of a hodge-podge. Houses clump together in odd configurations and strange angles and the path through them is not obvious. There is often an unpleasant smell of human waste.

A pile of mats. Mats were an all-purpose item,
They could be used on floors, as walls, and as a roof. [2]

Suddenly you become aware that you are hungry and have nowhere to sleep. But as you go through these homes of common people, a couple notices you are a stranger and probably lost and invites you into their raba or "grass hut" as they are called, A raba is a small version of the very large well made ceremonial reed buildings called mudhifs, buildings which have been constructed for thousands of years before the cities appeared. Rabas can be large enough for a family and quite comfortable. They are made entirely from reeds, even the rope. 

Mudhif under construction with light coming through the reed lattices.

As you look around you see that the whole neighborhood, as far as you can see, is composed of these huts. You have left the world of brick. As you follow your new friends to their home, you can see light from fires that spills out of doorways and the lattice work at the front.

Inside the hut, it's almost like being in a large tent. The dirt floor is covered with reed mats, and on the edges are chests and hampers made of reeds. There is a fire in a dirt pit lined with hardened clay.

You sit at a table with the family and their eight children to enjoy a stew of beans, beets, and cabbage flavored with unusual spices and onions along with fish from the river and barley bread, and, of course, beer. 

The faithful.
LET: "Standing male worshiper ca. 2900–2600 BCE. Sumerian"
RIGHT: "Statuette of a standing Sumerian female worshiper. Early Dynastic Period, 2600-2370 BCE."
From Diyala Region/Valley, Mesopotamia, Iraq. On display at the Iraq Museum in Baghdad.

Before eating you clasp your hands together as your guests do and the evening prayer is said. In the corner of the house is a small shrine that is private and used only by the family.

Because you are a guest, they serve you a special cake sweetened with honey. As you eat your dessert one of the children tells a story and everyone laughs. Then another child tells her story and then a parent tells a story. After that music begins. Everyone either plays an instrument or sings. The boy bangs a drum and a girl plays a string instrument that looks like a lute or mandolin. You now realize music is an important part of Sumerian life almost as much as the daily religious rituals.

Sitting on the comfortable reed mats, you lean back a bit and enjoy the moment.

"The head of a Goddess of Uruk on white marble circa 3000 BCE."

But suddenly you wake up and realize you are in your own bed and the sun is rising. It's the 21st Century. 

Was it a dream? No matter, it felt real. And what could you learn from your visit? What could the first civilization tell you that might benefit the modern world or help us have a better understanding of the past?

You are left with the lingering image of a woman -- that must have been in a garden although you don't remember where. Her picture stays with you all the next day as she seems to sum up your feelings about your journey.


[1] brown_u_landscape.pdf
[2] brown_u_landscape.pdf



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Tuesday, February 28, 2023

Thought Experiments & Imagination

Thought Experiments 

How To Use Your Imagination 
to Understand the Ancient Past

Einstein and a light beam.
Around the age of 16, Einstein began to imagine what he would see if he were riding a beam of light. Ten years later, due to his thought experiment, he made a breakthrough in his understanding which led to his Theory of Special Relativity. 
Your cell phone and many other things could not operate without his discovery.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Luxor_Light_Beam_by_inSapphoWeTrust.jpeg
This article is for people who are studying prehistory. But it also applies to anyone who is working with a problem in science and wants to experiment with a new approach.
To investigate the past, we must rid ourselves of our modern point of view and try to look at the past from its own point of view. Unless we can do this we will not be able to grasp how the past transpired and also how it connects to the modern day. 

One way to free ourselves
is to use our imaginations. 

However, your imagination is only one of many tools in your toolbox. Logic is another tool, as is finding direct and indirect evidence, following hunches and intuitions, and locating opinions from respected authorities. In an effort to prove something, you will probably use a combination of tools.

In this article, I will start with examples of important "thought experiments," experiments by Galileo and Einstein, in which they imagined a set of circumstances. What they revealed and discovered via their imaginings changed science and our modern world. 

I believe that people who investigate prehistory can also benefit from this approach. They can use their imagination to go back in time and then place themselves in that time period. If you suddenly time-traveled to a Mesopotamian city 5000 years ago standing on a street corner, what would you see, what would you hear, what would you smell, what would you touch?
(Be sure to read the next blog which will be a detailed fictional time-travel journey to Mesopotamia.)


ABOUT THOUGHT EXPERIMENTS

Thought experiments, as they are called, have a surprisingly long recorded history. To prove a point or to work out a problem, the experimenter imagines a situation that reveals information. One of the first recorded such experiments came from Galileo and it was very important.


GALILEO'S SHIP

Galileo's 1632 book, Dialogue Concerning The Two Chief World Systems, considered all the common arguments against the new idea that the Earth rotates at a rapid speed around its axis and also orbits the Sun. This was the book that got him into trouble with the church.

"One of the contrary arguments was that if the Earth were spinning on its axis, then we would all be moving to the East at thousands of kilometers per hour so a ball dropped straight down from a tower would land West of the tower which would have moved some distance East in the interim."

For Galileo's thought experiment to work, he had to find a vehicle that moved smoothly without bumps or jerking. It had to be a motion that would not be felt. In the modern world, we are used to this such as riding in cars or trains or planes. But in Galileo's time, boats were the best vehicles for illustrating his ideas. 
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lybska_Svan.jpeg

Galileo created a character in his book, whom he named Salviati, to make his argument. He explained why we do not feel this motion, using a thought experiment. Salviati says:
Shut yourself up with some friend in the main cabin below decks on some large ship, and have with you there some flies, butterflies, and other small flying animals. Have a large bowl of water with some fish in it; hang up a bottle that empties drop by drop into a wide vessel beneath it. With the ship standing still, observe carefully how the little animals fly with equal speed to all sides of the cabin. The fish swim indifferently in all directions; the drops fall into the vessel beneath; and, in throwing something to your friend, you need to throw it no more strongly in one direction than another, the distances being equal; jumping with your feet together, you pass equal spaces in every direction. When you have observed all these things carefully (though doubtless when the ship is standing still everything must happen in this way), have the ship proceed with any speed you like, so long as the motion is uniform and not fluctuating this way and that. You will discover not the least change in all the effects named, nor could you tell from any of them whether the ship was moving or standing still. In jumping, you will pass on the floor the same spaces as before, nor will you make larger jumps toward the stern than toward the prow even though the ship is moving quite rapidly, despite the fact that during the time that you are in the air the floor under you will be going in a direction opposite to your jump.

Galileo Galilei, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632), translated by Stillman Drake, University of California Press, 1953, pp. 186 - 187 (Second Day).

With this experiment, he showed how the Earth could constantly rotate 1,000 miles an hour and also move over 60,000 miles an hour in its orbit around the sun. But we on Earth would not feel it.

"What did Galileo's thought experiment prove?
"Galileo concluded that all objects on Earth and within its atmosphere share in its motion. As a result, they are unaffected by its motion, just as if they were stationary."
Galileo's Thought Experiment


EINSTEIN'S THOUGHT EXPERIMENTS

Einstein's thought experiment (next) was equally important and was, in many ways, similar to what Galileo had imagined. In both cases, the experimenter is inside a moving vehicle but the environment inside that vehicle is normal and the same as if the vehicle were still. So the environment of the interior is not influenced by the motion of the vehicle.

However, there was a significant difference between them. In Galileo's case, he was explaining something he had already decided. He believed the Earth went around the Sun and was looking for a clear way to explain it. In Einstein's case, he had made a discovery, because his thought experiment led directly to new ideas in the Theory of Special  Relativity. 

In this theory, Einstein proved that time was relative. But even though he had this revelation, he still had to do the hard work of figuring out the math, which he did immediately after this event.

The street car in Bern Switzerland
and the Zytglogge (bell ringing) clock above it.
The clock was made around 1400 CE.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BTG03wiki.jpg

“[Einstein's] first thought experiment has to do with time and stems from a thought Einstein had while riding home in a streetcar in Bern. He saw the clock tower passing behind him and wondered how the clock would appear as the streetcar moved faster and faster,” writes Chris Impey of Teach Astronomy.

"Einstein heard the toll one evening in May 1905. He had been confounded by a scientific paradox for a decade, and when he gazed up at the tower he suddenly imagined an unimaginable scene. What, he wondered, would happen if a streetcar raced away from the tower at the speed of light?
"If he was sitting in the streetcar, he realized, his watch would still be ticking. But looking back at the tower, the clock – and time – would seem to have stopped. It was a breakthrough moment."

Einstein's discovery was, in some ways, a combination of a thought experiment and idea-incubation. Idea-incubation means that you have been working on an idea, give up, and then suddenly the answer comes to you. Einstein had been thinking about light from the age of 16. He had wondered then what it would be like to ride a beam of light. So this idea had been rolling around in his head for some time. And on that fateful night, it came together.

I also find it fascinating that Einstein's imagination was kicked into high gear because of the sound of the clock's bell. It was a medieval clock in Bern Switzerland called Zytglogge and it had an ancient connection that reached back to the beginning of timekeeping and time itself. 

At the top of the clock tower in Bern, the Greek god of time, Chronos,
rings the specially made bell (installed in 1405) each hour.
He is a primeval god who created time itself.

The clock was built with Ptolemy's approx. 2000-year-old ancient geocentric system. The clock's gearing was based on Ptolemy's Earth-centered astronomical geometry. But just as important, the bell that rang was rung by a mechanical model of the ancient Greek god of time, Chronos (where we get the word chronology). And Chronos was not just any old Greek god. He was a primeval god who, at the very beginning of creation, brought the world into being, and then time itself. [1]

While Einstein was well aware of Greek philosophy and drama, he may not have had a detailed knowledge of Greek mythology. This mythology contained many tellings of the same story which often conflicted, and it would have taken a good deal of research to understand the powers and importance of each god. It is my belief that imagination, intuition, and things like thought experiments can often connect to unconscious ideas and long-forgotten cultural narratives. In this case, Einstein's new ideas about time were connected with the Western history of time concepts back to the very beginning, the birth of time. 


HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO THE STUDY OF PREHISTORY?

On the subject of studying prehistory author, Chris Gordon, had this to say.

"This is where the study of prehistory comes in — a method of UNLEARNING THE PRESENT [my emphasis] and developing an understanding of the past."
Gosden, Chris, 'The problems of prehistory', Prehistory: A Very Short Introduction, 1st edn, Very Short Introductions (Oxford, 2003; online edn, Oxford Academic, 24 Sept. 2013), https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780192803436.003.0002, accessed 29 Jan. 2023.

Part of the problem is that we are modern people and it is almost impossible to rid ourselves of our modern attitudes. 

To paraphrase what my friend Barbara Blake, a Ph.D., in Anthropology, said to me: our culture is so much a part of each of us that it is virtually impossible to rid ourselves of its influence. And many of our biases are so built-in, we may not be aware of them.

So with our imagination, we need to do two things. The first is to "unlearn the present" by mentally undressing and shedding our modern point of view.

Then next, with our imagination, try to go back into the ancient past and see it more clearly from the perspective of each time period and each culture. 

But to do this we need some ground rules.

The first task is to rid ourselves of outdated ideas about 'stone age', 'primitive', 'savage', and 'uncivilized' people. This needs to be done first before we can tackle more specific biases such as assumptions about various technologies, for example. 

But old ideas and attitudes are hard to shed.  Lewis H. Morgan wrote, more than a hundred years ago, that the evolution of humanity went from savagery to barbarism to civilization, meaning that the Neolithic cultures were barbaric and Paleolithic people were savages. And for many people, this attitude has remained. 

The second task is to forget air conditioning and refrigerators and cars and highways and soft mattresses and cell phones. When considering prehistory in particular, you will have to forgo most modern comforts. So you will need to forget even basic things such as running water and toilets. And you may need to keep a fire going constantly along with finding and storing wood. Also, imagine that instead of going to a store you have to make every tool and container you use. You will probably need to know how to make a variety of baskets. You grow all the food you eat and you make all your clothes. Every day you spend hours getting water and grinding grain and making bread.

The third task is to be open to the unexpected, to consider that in these harsh environments, ancient people might have created remarkable things or very different things that we would not expect. 

But the problem with understanding prehistory only gets worse and more difficult as you go back in time, into the Paleolithic, for example. Finding evidence and dating it is hard for the Upper Paleolithic, very hard for the Middle Paleolithic, and almost impossible for the Lower Paleolithic. Not only does evidence decay or is degraded or buried but the hominins involved are increasingly different.

So the study of prehistory might make use of imaginative tools because so much is hidden from us. By rethinking or reimagining the past, it is possible that we could see things that have been overlooked or connections that have not been made.
See an example of imaginative rethinking later in this article. This example describes a new insight into how the famous Australopithecus, Lucy, died.

A REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE OF USING YOUR IMAGINATION

How I Developed The Idea
That A Neolithic Culture Could Be More Advanced
Than The Romans 3000 Years Later 

The winter solstice is not just a day on the calendar. Our local and much-loved weatherman, Skip Waters, made the point that the time period of the winter solstice occurs for about a week, not just a day. And that it was virtually impossible to know the specific day of the solstice through direct observation as there was only a few seconds' difference in the length of the day and a tiny degree difference in the position of the sun during that week. Measuring the sun's position was further complicated by atmospheric refraction. It was not until the 18th Century that the winter solstice could be determined optically by direct observation.

However, to everyone's surprise, archaeologists discovered that the Neolithic culture at Newgrange Ireland had somehow overcome these difficulties by building a huge passageway with a special roof-box that was aligned with the solstice sun. And this got me wondering if other cultures, even 3000 years later such as Rome, could do this.

Outside (top) and overview (bottom) of the passage tomb at Newgrange from 1897. It took another 70 years before Newgrange was fully understood, partly due to modern misconceptions about the capabilities of prehistoric people.
Coffey, George. Drawings of Newgrange from the late 1800s. Published in: The Dolmens of Ireland,, by William Copeland Borlase. Published by the University of Michigan Library (January 1, 1897).
NOTE: I have used Newgrange as an example many times in these articles because it illustrates so many things when dealing with prehistory: a Neolithic structure that was misunderstood for hundreds of years and then positive proof that it was a well-made and accurate device. 
To begin I read translations of Roman accounts about the week-long Saturnalia festival. The name comes from the Roman god Saturn. a god who was Roman and not an adoption of a Greek god. He was associated with time, the harvest, periodic renewal, and liberation. His festival comes at the end of the year and is a time for wild celebration. Today, the weekday, Saturday, is named for him because it is a time when we can relax, kick back and enjoy that the week has come to an end. 

Roman depictions of the god Saturn, an old man with a full beard, who was, among other things, the god of time. He held a sickle which was a symbol of harvest and bounty and also death and destruction. Bas-relief, 2nd century CE.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0_Autel_d%C3%A9di%C3%A9_au_dieu_Malakb%C3%AAl_et_aux_dieux_de_Palmyra_-_Musei_Capitolini_%281b%29.JPG

The Saturnalia festival was a time when the darkness was celebrated as a joyous time. So, using my imagination, I put myself back into that time. What I saw as I walked through Rome was continuing darkness with no real change for about a week. It was the week that was celebrated and not the day. There were parties when special lamps were lit to light the darkness. Special foods were made, special songs were sung, and presents were exchanged. Then on December 25, when it was clear that the sun had stopped its winter decline and was now returning and getting brighter, that this later day was celebrated as the day of the sun's return.

But it seemed to me that the actual day of the solstice was not something that was determined nor was it that important to the Romans. What was important was the week-long festival, a time period of "solar standstill" (the Latin meaning of the word solstice).

But this relationship to the solstice was quite different in Ireland where the day was an hour and a half shorter than the solstice day in Rome. I did not have written accounts but I did have the carefully made building at Newgrange, which in a sense, could talk to me.

I imagined the cold climate of Northern Ireland and an agricultural way of life. How would you feel as the sun sank lower and it got dark earlier each day, when the plants had stopped growing and lost their leaves, and they appeared to be dead? Imagine what it would have felt like as the days got shorter and the temperature colder and colder. So when I imagined myself in Ireland during the time of the solstice, I felt fear and dread. What I needed was a way to be reassured that the Sun would return and crops would grow again.

So, I believe, the Irish built a huge, sophisticated, complex monument to determine the exact time of the solstice. 

The passageway at the Newgrange passage tomb in Ireland.
While this looks crude to our modern eyes, the alignment and placement of the stones were exact and by magnifying the sun's angle and movement could determine the day of the solstice in real-time.
LEFT: "A section of the passage leading towards the chamber of the Newgrange passage tomb in Ireland."
RIGHT: The light of the solstice in the passageway in 2013.

After reading a description by the archaeologist Michael J. O'Kelly who discovered the solstice alignment of the Newgrange monument, I again put myself back in time. I stood in the Newgrange passageway, at the far end, as sunlight entered on the day of the winter solstice. I watched the sunlight quickly move toward me for about eight minutes until I was bathed in its light at the furthest reach of the hallway. And then I watched it retreat. This annual event would have been reassuring to these Neolithic people and it also signaled a profound bond between the Sun and the Earth. Clearly, this was a very different relationship than that of the Romans.

This led me to wonder if the Newgrange "instrument" as I have called it because it was like a scientific instrument, was more precise than what the Romans had. And my research seemed to bear this out. But if that were true, it completely changes the generally accepted timeline of Classical cultures vs. Neolithic cultures. It was always assumed that the Romans were far superior and more advanced in every way than the primitive, barbarian Neolithic people. And in many cases, the Romans were superior but perhaps not in this case. 

To put it simply, the Neolithic people felt a compelling need to create a precise accurate device that could indicate the exact day of the winter solstice. So they made such a device. The Romans did not feel such a need.

So my "imagination experiment" led me to research how the Romans did determine the day of the solstice. An expert on Roman astronomy said they could calculate the day of the solstice after the fact by interpolating measurements made before and after the solstice, but not in real-time as the people at Newgrange could. So if true, the Newgrange technology was superior 3000 years before the Romans.
Dr. Dennis Duke, "Four Lost Episodes in Ancient Solar Theory, Journal for the History of Astronomy," (2008)


A CONTEMPORARY EXAMPLE 

When I was writing this article, I wondered if there were any recent examples I could point to. So I thought about various scientific articles I had read. One study seemed like a good candidate. When I read it in depth I found that a key part of the study came about due to a man's imagination. A professor who had been working with the bones of the famous Australopithecus, Lucy, suddenly could see how she died, and knowing that also told him a lot about the way she and her people lived.

This is a perfect example of how to rethink a time period. Lucy, he decided, died because she fell from a high point in a tree. Nine orthopedic surgeons also looked at the bones and agreed that her fractures would have occurred due to a fall. So if what Dr. Kappelman says is true, and not all authorities agree, it changes many commonly held ideas about whether early hominins lived and slept in trees.

“I have taught this fossil since I was a grad student in the 1980s,” says John Kappelman, a professor of anthropology at the University of Texas at Austin and lead author of the study, which was published in the journal, Nature. “I knew these fractures were there, I just never thought to ask what had caused them. No one, as far as I know, has ever put out a theory of how she died.”

Lucy's bones, one of the most complete skeletons of early hominins.

“At one point, I had all these bones out and this idea just finally crystalized—I could see the fall, the position of her body when she hit, the impact,” says Kappelman. “For the very first time, I saw her as an individual and this wave of empathy hit me. For the first time, she was not just an isolated box of broken bones. I could actually picture how she died.”


PUTTING YOUR IMAGINATION TO USE

As I have suggested, the best way to free yourself from a modern bias might be to use your imagination. I suggest, for example, that you go back in time to a prehistoric place and take off all your clothes. Then put on clothes that were probably common then. Do some research to find out what kind of clothes they wore. 

How does it feel to move and sit and work in those clothes, for example? How does the fabric or animal skin feel? Do you have shoes or a hat? What about a belt or pockets? What are they made of? How are they all put together?

HERE ARE SOME OTHER TIMES TO IMAGINE
-- Imagine a city in the world's first civilization, Mesopotamia
Next month read my next blog-article about time-traveling to Mesopotamia and walking around a city.
-- Imagine the Neolithic
Imagine you land in a small Neolithic village about 10,000 years ago.
-- Imagine the Mesolithic
Imagine you are part of a tribe of people who are hunter-gatherers for part of the year and settled in huts for other parts of the year.
-- Imagine the Upper Paleolithic
Imagine belonging to a tribe that lives in caves some of the time but is nomadic all year long.
-- Imagine the Lower Paleolithic
Imagine you are with hominins who are nomadic hunter-gatherers and often camp near or in Baobab trees on the African plains.

Time-travel to a time 5000 years ago in Mesopotamia
-- next article, next month.
This picture is a bird's eye view of a Mesopotamian city.
My next blog-article will be an imaginative walkthrough
 in such a city to see what we can see. :) [2]


[1] CHRONOS (also KHRONOS) was the primordial god of time. In the Orphic cosmogony, he emerged self-formed at the dawn of creation.
He and his consort, the serpentine goddess Ananke (Inevitability), enveloped the primordial world-egg in their coils and split it apart to form the ordered universe of earth, sea, and sky. After this act of creation, the couple circled the cosmos driving the rotation of heaven and the eternal passage of time. 
[2] brown_u_landscape.pdf


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